Applied research methods Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Applied methods - Research Proposal Example Perhaps most importantly in this era of transition, leaders themselves must understand that their real legacy will not be the past performance of their financial services organisation, but its sustainable success. Helping leaders learn how to get results by being boundary-less thinkers, network builders, diplomats, and interpreters is a first step in meeting this challenge. Holding them accountable for getting results today and developing next-generation leaders for tomorrow is the quantum leap. The intention of this research proposal is to analyse and evaluate the managerial effectiveness of 'the management', and the perception of leadership and culture within Pembroke Consulting (PC) and the impact on employees and the organisation. Furthermore, it will be argued that the human relations management concept that entails the participation and involvement of all hierarchical levels has not been operative within PC. By examining the Company Background, it will be seen that both management and rank-and-file staff have difficulty coping with and adjusting to the series of transitions that have taken place in their organisation that contributed to its "stalemate" status. It is also shown how financial growth does not correspondingly translate into real development for an organisation or for the growth of the most important resource of any business group, - people. Various research methods will be used to determine perceptions, effectiveness and culture, and a 'way forward' will be proposed in the subsequent dissertation. Since downsizing and restructuring are often just euphemisms for wholesale layoffs, this is a prospect that most Asian financial services organisations and workers have a culturally determined difficulty taking seriously. Sometimes it seems as if some Japanese and Korean financial services organisations would rather close their doors altogether than carry out significant personnel cuts. That's how strong the sense of group identity is in the East. Company Background Pembroke Consulting is a financial services company providing access to financial markets, principally, futures and options, through electronic and other means. It is financial advisors, accountants and general insurance specialists and based in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Since its inception, the company has undergone tremendous growth both organically and through acquisition, however, it was not, until recently, that the company became an active market-player. Three major company mergers brought about this evolution over the last eight years. Because of which, various aspects of the company including its work volume, staffing and market position all increased exponentially. The mergers contributed predominantly to a great success in terms of the bottom-line but operationally speaking, the outcome has been a disappointing failure. The organisation failed initially to integrate the significant changes brought about by the first two mergers until the last tree years. This was the latest i n a chain of events in the history of Pembroke Consulting

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Political science - Essay Example In fact, national democracy is one of the key sources of such transactional cost, since it provides sovereign risk and regulates rules at the border. In addition, national democracy reduces chances of global risks by providing regulations and supervision of financial intermediaries (Rodrik, 212). Therefore, it is important that global federalism be adopted where democratic politics is aligned with global markets. Consequently, it is important that the national state is maintained and the needs of international economy are also catered for. As a result of this, the nation will in most cases pursue the objective of achieving global economic integration before considering other objectives. The national democracy can also be used in order to reduce the goals and visions of the international economic integration and going for limited globalization as was witnessed in post war in Bretton Woods’s regime where there was more capital control and minimal trade liberalization (Rodrik, 102). Although, this system led to failure of the approach given, it is thus important that for more globalization to be achieved, national democracy or national sovereignty must be reduced. Furthermore, this clearly illustrates that national democracy is one of the factors that determine the state and pace of globalization in a country. The potential effect of globalization is the reduction of national democracy, which also reduces global fiscal competition. In that sense, it is important that democracy be provided in a way that promotes civil rights, although this will lead to low economic growth but cause high social stability. In addition, this can help in expanding global civil rights (Rodrik, 110). This also clearly indicates that economics is an important political decision-making processes that requires global order. Furthermore, although globalization is one of the factors for economic growth in both rich and poor countries, it is currently producing a different result

Ghost :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fondest memories of my youth include hitting people with sticks and throwing people out of trees. I was probably only about 8 years old when I started masquerading in the woods as a Robin Hood type character. Along with me I had about 7 other outlaws. Daily we would go into the woods and change teammates on our different Klan’s. Someday's we even had up to 12 kids parading through the woods on missions to free friends and seek vengeance for unjust acts that had been committed in our territory. Literally jumping 30 feet in the air from one tree to the next was no large task, it was done almost automatically when a foe approached and was gaining fast on you. Especially when you carry a wound from a battle, the adrenaline will make you do crazed things. Without hesitation or second thought we commonly committed feats which would have caused our parents to banish us from the woods. Trees were used to cut down and turn into weapons. There were throwing stic ks, swords, staffs, and an entire array of undecipherable weapons that were used. Going into battle included tying sticks to your shins so sword blows wouldn't hurt and using sap to thicken the skin on your hands so when the sword went uncontrollably smashing into your hands it wouldn't hurt as bad. I proudly wore the title of king of the mountain. When there was no snow we climbed a steep hill that went straight down about 12 feet into a grass field. Uppercuts and hooks were not uncommon ways of getting a nemesis off of the mountain. I even had a special attack where I would squat, jump, slap the victim in the face, land, and sweep there legs out as I hit them in the knees and stepped on their feet. This would inevitably cause them to crash into the ground. It was almost every time someone was hit off the cliff that we had the wind knocked out of us. If a blow were too forceful then other people would hit you with sticks. At the end of the day we outlaws would be covered with dirt and blood with several abrasions. I loved those woods and think fondly of them whenever I reminisce upon my early childhood. One of the Greatest adventures we had when the entire group of us was together as one Klan occurred when I was in 3rd grade.

Merchant of Venice Assesment Essay

In this assessment I will analyse Shakespeare’s use of language, structure and dramatic techniques to present the relationship between Shylock and the Christians at different points of the play. I will first look at Act 1 Scene 3, where we learn that Shylock has suffered mercilessly at the hands of the Christians and now harbors an almost sadistic hatred towards them. This can be evidence by Shylock’s statement to Antonio. â€Å"You†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦gabardine,†. This statement allows the audience to gain an understanding of Shylock’s feelings and hatred towards Antonio. However, what is fascinating about this quote is Shakespeare’s use of the words â€Å"you† and â€Å"dog†. This is because, although Shylock and Antonio have never met before, Shylock’s use of the word â€Å"you† suggests otherwise. The reason behind Shakespeare’s use of personal and direct language is to allow the audience to imagine Antonio as the embodiment of Christianity. Thus, letting the Elizabethan audience know that Shylock’s feelings of hatred is actually aimed towards the Christians and hence the Elizabethan audience themselves, therefore causing further resent and prejudice towards Shylock’s character. While the use of the word â€Å"dog†, which is repeated throughout the play, not only symbolises that the Christians see Shylock as beneath them and will never be their equal. But also reinforces, through the use of repetition, that Shylock is seen as an infestation to the Elizabethan society, which in turn adds to Shylock’s humiliation and determination for revenge. However, due to his social ranking Shylock must consciously recognise his position of inferiority and must also treat the Christians with a, one sided, respect, despite his affluent position. Shakespeare manages to show this involuntary respect from Shylock to Antonio by structuring the dialog between these two main characters in poetry. Furthermore the level of hatred that Shylocks possesses towards the Christians can be evidence from Shylocks aside speech to the audience. â€Å"If†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦bear him.† The â€Å"ancient grudge† in this case being that Antonio is a Christian. This aside statement not only strengthens the idea that the mutual disdain between Shylock and the Christian is religious in nature, but also Shylock’s obsessive need for revenge, a revenge he hopes to achieve through Antonio’s bond. Because of this aside speech, most modern day audiences would be able to sympathise with Shylocks need for retribution. However, for an Elizabethan audience, Shylock’s aside speech will have no sympathetic effect. Instead it was a dramatic techniques used by Shakespeare to add further prejudice towards Shylock’s character and to add comedic value to the play. In Act 3 Scene 1, we see the seriousness of Shylock’s sadistic nature when he discovers that Antonio cannot fulfil his bond. Arguing that his obsession for revenge is just and he is entitled to revenge, in the same way that any Christian would. â€Å"hath†¦..?†, â€Å"If†¦..revenge!† This iconic speech uses a number of persuasive techniques to justify Shylocks feelings and need for retribution. First notice Shakespeare’s use of rhetorical questions in quick succession. This technique causes the audience to think, agree and actually sympathise with Shylock argument to some extent. This agreement is then reinforced, through the use of imagery, allowing the audience to gain a better understanding of Shylock’s feeling and emotions. Thus cause the audience to realise some of the prejudice that is currently present towards the Jewish community. In conclusion Shakespeare has used a variety of techniques and forms of languages to effectively highlight the prejudice towards the Jewish community during the Elizabethan period. In the two act that I mentioned it is clear that Shylocks feels he deserve justice through personal revenge and that he is not respected in the society, due to the Christians arrogant and prejudice vies towards his people. Although most of use might not morally agree with Shylock’s approach in seeking retribution, there is no denying that the language used by Shakespeare is a strong reminder of what persecution can have on an individual.

Essay on The Great Gatsby Tragic Hero - 2634 Words

The Great Gatsby- Tragic Hero It is believed by some that potential and greatness is innate for every individual born, yet it takes time for it to be discovered. For certain individuals, this greatness is interchangeable with heroism, which is the basis of every great story. In the novel The Great Gatsby written by Scott Fitzgerald, a man by the name of Jay Gatsby was no less than the greatness which accompanied his name. He was a noble man with an outstanding persona that left a deep mark after his passing. An exceptional being with infinite potential, who dreamt of nothing but personal success and whose very own ambitious trait worked to his disadvantage. Gatsby destroyed himself with the strength of his own hands and his existence†¦show more content†¦He was a son of God...† (98). Gatsby had been an idealistic individual from a young age, but his ideals were also his motive. He embodied whatever ideal or vision he had for himself, therefore creating his own identity. Because Gatsby had the poten tial to morph into the new person which suited his ideals, he proved to be an exceptionally unique individual who differs from the average man. Also, the prominent comparison between Gatsby and Jesus Christ further illuminates the true greatness of Gatsby. Regardless of one’s beliefs, it is difficult to deny the influence of such powerful religious figures, such as Christ himself or even Gatsby’s. Gatsby’s ability to create his own identity similar to Christ, who made himself the son of God, is very significant to give a better understanding of Gatsby’s extraordinary stature. It is also evocatively mentioned by the narrator that Gatsby had â€Å"something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life...† (2) Gatsby had heightened hopes and desire for everything life had to offer him and he seized every opportunity which presented itself. This realization of life’s promises is what kept him alert and focused on what he expected out of his future. Being keen and eager proved to have its positive outcomes; for James Gatz became the great Gatsby. Although imperfections areShow MoreRelatedEssay Jay Gatsby: The Tragic Hero in The Great Gatsby1332 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle, a tragic hero character can be defined to be of noble status, but not necessarily virtuous. There is some aspect of his personality that he has in great abundance but it is this that becomes his tragic flaw and leads to his ultimate demise. However, his tragic ending should not simply sadden the reader, but teach him or her a life lesson. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is the tragic hero who portrays the corruption of the American dream through his tragic flaw. HisRead More Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle invented a list of criteria in an attempt to determine the exact definition of a tragic hero.   The list states the following - the tragic hero must cause his own down fall; the tragic heros fate is undeserved; the tragic heros punishment exceeds his crime; the tragic hero must be a great and noble person according to the standards of the current society.   In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby can be defined as a tragic hero who possessesRead More Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesJay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby According to Aristotle, there are a number of characteristics that identify a tragic hero: he must cause his own downfall; his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. These are all characteristics of Jay Gatsby, the main character of Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby.   Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero according to Aristotles definition.  Ã‚   Jay Gatsby is an enormouslyRead MoreTo What Extent Can Gatsby Be Considered a Tragic Hero?1023 Words   |  5 Pagesextent can Gatsby be considered a tragic hero? Before we can judge if Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero, we should look at the exact deï ¬ nition of a tragic hero. According to the classic deï ¬ nition, a tragic hero is a  «great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat »1, and Oedipus, from the Greek Legends, is deï ¬ ned as the classic tragic hero. So, is Gatsby then a classic tragic hero, by deï ¬ nition? ! Even if the book itself is called  «Great Gatsby », is JayRead MoreTo What Extent Can Gatsby Be Considered a Tragic Hero?1014 Words   |  5 Pagescan Gatsby be considered a tragic hero? Before we can judge if Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero, we should look at the exact deï ¬ nition of a tragic hero. According to the classic deï ¬ nition, a tragic hero is a  «great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat »1, and Oedipus, from the Greek Legends, is deï ¬ ned as the classic tragic hero. So, is Gatsby then a classic tragic hero, by deï ¬ nition? ! Even if the book itself is called  «Great Gatsby », isRead MoreEssay on Jay Gatsby: A Tragic Hero1084 Words   |  5 Pages (Aristotle) The â€Å"tragic hero† is an indefatigable staple in all mediums of literature. Although the term’s defining characteristics have morphed since its initial inception by Aristotle those many millennia ago, the main idea has endured. To be a tragic hero, several requirements must be met. The formula begins with a character that possesses noble and admirable qualities. Then come imperfections to make him appear human and believable, and finally the tragic hero is completed when he experiencesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald821 Words   |  3 Pages The Great Gatsby Rough Draft The Japanese ideology of Kiazen is the idea of continuous improvement and change for the best. This idea is a Japanese idea that found its way into the Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and is more than just the simple Japanese idea. It is the ‘Americanized version of the concept where the characters in The Great Gatsby seek out their American dream but the as they grow closer to achieving the goal, the goal eludes them and their Dream changes. The Great GatsbyRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Jay Gatsby1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Secret Life of Jay Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is meticulously written to portray characters as soul sucking, money thriving, moral lacking individuals who are thrashed by his language, and scrupulous descriptions. Gatsby is depicted as a suave, cordial, and prosperous gentleman who is trying to raise himself in the ranks of riches, and approval. At first glance, it is hard to tell if there is a clear hero, or someone with qualities thereof; at least in the traditional senseRead MoreEssay Outline Introduction: ANT A=Attention Getter: N=Necessary Information: In â€Å"The Great700 Words   |  3 PagesGetter: N=Necessary Information: In â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway, the narrator, has recently moved from the midwest to start his career in New York. He lives on the island of West Egg, next door to a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby. Nick becomes friends with him and learns that Gatsby is in love with his cousin Daisy. They never married because Gatsby had to go off into the military and he was not rich enough for her, so when Gatsby was shipped overseas, Daisy married anotherRead MoreLiterary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott1100 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as America’s great novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby is a classic piece of American fiction. It is a novel of triumph and tragedy, noted for the remarkable way Fitzgerald captured a cross-section of American society.†(Cliffsnotes Editor) The novel is set in New York City, more specifically in long island; East Egg and West Egg, during the prohibition era in the 1920’s and was then published

What to Do If You Failed a College Midterm

Sometimes, you will fail a college midterm or other test no matter how much you study. Just how big of a deal is it when this happens and what should you do next? How you handle failure in college can have a major impact on the rest of your semester, so the best thing to do when you fail a test is to remain calm and follow these steps to recover. Look Over the Exam When Youre Calm When you get that failing grade, give yourself some space from the situation. Take a walk, go for a workout, eat a healthy meal, and then come back to the test to get a better sense of what happened. Did you bomb the entire thing or just do poorly in one section? Misunderstand one part of the assignment or a large chunk of the material itself? Is there a pattern about where or how you performed poorly? Knowing why you failed can help you learn the most from this experience. Moving forward with the right frame of mind makes all the difference. Be Honest With Yourself Once you are distanced from your initial reaction, you need to have an honest conversation with yourself about what you did wrong. Did you study enough? Did you not read the material, thinking you could just get by? What could you have done better to prepare?   If you already know that you did not put your best foot forward when you went to take the exam, you probably need to rethink your study habits and develop a new approach. If you did your best and still didnt perform well, there is more you can do. Talk to Your Professor or TA It is always smart to get some feedback on how to do better on the next exam or final. Make an appointment with your professor or TA during office hours to discuss what went wrong—theyre there to help you learn. Remember that arguing with your professor TA about your grade will not get you anywhere and whats done is done. Instead, meet with them to clarify misunderstandings and prepare for a stronger score next time. Commit to Making Changes No test failure is the end of the world, but they should still be taken seriously. There will be other exams, essays, group projects, lab reports, presentations and final exams you can do better on. Focus on what you can do to improve. If you have already developed effective study habits and always apply yourself to the best of your ability, it is possible that this test is just an outlier and will not set the course for the rest of the class or year. Dont beat yourself up over one bad test and begin to doubt your abilities. The best change you can make in this situation is to learn to move past setbacks. If you know that something in your test-taking approach needs to change, try some of the following tips: Set aside more time to study.Join a study group.Take practice tests.Learn to take better notes.Ask more questions. Take Care of Yourself The most important thing to do in the face of failure is to take care of yourself. There is a time to buckle down and get to work and there is a time to give yourself credit for all that you have accomplished and not sweat the small stuff. Failures can be tough on your body and mental health if you dont manage them appropriately and this can lead to future setbacks that wont be as easy to come back from. Find a balance between working hard and practicing self-care and remember not to expect perfection from yourself. You are not supposed to go through college without asking for help and most universities offer more resources than you could imagine. Take full advantage of everything your college or university makes available to you to not only prevent future academic failure but have a healthier life overall.

The Term “Culture” Refers To The Complex Accumulation Of

The term â€Å"culture† refers to the complex accumulation of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and provide a general identity to a group of people. Cultures take a long time to develop. There are many things that establish identity give meaning to life, define what one becomes, and how one should behave. Distribution and exercise of power shape attitudes towards authority. How people sustain themselves economically, and how they manage to obtain the necessities of life, determines assigned roles of individuals and the relationships among them. Physical surroundings of people help define the nature, intensity, and longevity of their values. A wealth of resources or mild†¦show more content†¦Is there something that will offend another from a decidedly different culture? The way people communicate varies considerably between, and within, cultures and different norms regarding the appropriate level of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. One aspect of communication style is language usage, across cultures, some phrases and words are used in different ways. Additionally, body language or nonverbal communication is an essential part of how people communicate, and there are differences from culture to culture. Hand and arm gestures, touch, and eye contact or lack thereof, are a few of the aspects of nonverbal communication. Another aspect of communication style is the amount of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions and gestures, personal distance, and sense of time. It is no surprise that people have difficulties understanding and communicating with one another due to different cultural customs and experiences, and these differences cause miscommunication. Communication is a complex system of comprehensive interaction where meaning is created and reflected in human interaction. Culture affects both the content and style of communication so that the cultural differences will cause misinterpretation by what is said, and that which is left unsaid. To help avoid misunderstanding and conflictShow MoreRelated Cultural Differences in Communication Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"culture† refers to the complex accumulation of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and provide a general identity to a group of people. Cultures take a long time to develop. There are many things that establish identity give meaning to life, define what one becomes, and how one should behave. Distribution and exercise of power shape attitudes towards authority. How people sustain themselves economically, and howRead MoreThe Cradle And The Grave And How We Are Affected By Our Genes1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper, I will discuss the time that is between the cradle and the grave and how we are affected by our genes, free radicals, and everyday choices. The term â€Å"Aging† refers to in specific human beings, many animals, and fungi. Organisms such as bacteria, recurrent plants and some simple animals are theoretically immortal. Ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing, also known as cellular senescence. Many don’t consider the everyday choices and how their bodiesRead MoreSantol Vinegar1581 Words   |  7 Pageschapter contains the Introduction, Background of the Study, the Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limi tation of the Study and the Definition of Terms. Introduction Santol or cotton fruit (Sandoricum koetjape) is a tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asia (fruitinfo.com, Retrieved July, 2014). The Santol fruit tissue is mostly sub-acid or sour in nature. When the fruit isRead MoreThe Election Of Obama Into The Highest Political Office1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe election of Obama into the highest political office may have created a great euphoria that the United States had moved past the racism that weighed heavily on the country’s history. Today, after the end of his two-term presidency, it is clear that this elation was substantially unfounded as racism is still an adverse reality that confronts minority groups in the society. The disenfranchisement of racial minorities in the United States is traceable to the onset of the institution of slavery,Read MoreCapitalism And Its Impact On Social Human History1203 Words   |  5 Pagesideas, resolutions, and cultures which make up the majority of society. In any given period of history, the ideology of the people is constantly evolving and can be uncovered by the human nature of production. This mode of production includes the source of production and the relations of production by means of societal structures. Karl Marx saw capitalism as a progressive historical stage that would eventually deteriorate due to its numerous internal conflicts and its long-term negative impact on societyRead MoreApplication Of Microaggression Theory Study Caste Based Discrimination1558 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Microaggression theory to study caste-based discrimination: â€Å"Every black child will recognize and defend promptly and adequately against every offensive micro-aggression. In this way, the toll that is registered after accumulation of such insults should be markedly reduced (Pierce, 1970, p. 280)†. Since more than two-decade higher education institutions in the U.S. have recognized issues of diversity and discrimination. Studies on diversity and discrimination are mainly groundedRead MoreEssay about Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill1531 Words   |  7 Pagesvery difficult to describe. Faith is a state of mind, which may be developed at, will after the thirteen principles, which can be mastered in this book. Chapter 3 involves autosuggestion as the medium for influencing the subconscious mind. This term applies to all suggestions, and all self-administered motivation, which reaches ones mind through the five senses. In other words, autosuggestion means self-suggestion meaning giving suggestion to yourself so that it reaches your subconscious mindRead MoreThe Competitive Advantage Of Zara1555 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Spanish market, it began to expand its stores around the world, and became one of the most profitable brands in the appalling market. Zara was famous for its ability to quickly respond to the market demands, which provides a useful lesson in terms of competitive advantage with its competitors. But confronting to the fast-paced and constantly changing market, if a company wants to consistently increase market share in order to survive in the competitive market, it is irrefutable that it needsRead MoreCultural Diversity Of The World2024 Words   |  9 Pagesimportance to preserve and promote the exchange and understanding of cultures of the world. [W]hile the processes of globalization, which have been facilitated by the rapid development of information and communication technologies, afford unprecedented conditions for enhanced interaction between cultures, they also represent a challenge for cultural diversity. The external manifestation of the peoples of the world shapes a culture; sometimes realized as a tangible object and sometimes intangibleRead MoreGlobalization and the Environment2911 Words   |  12 PagesUYO, UYO. SUBMITTED TO PROF. I.E. UKPONG DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO. MAY, 2012. INTRODUCTION Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people, and economic activity. It is generally used to refer to economic globalization: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas