Melting Point Determination

This larger surface area-to- illume ratio allows for a sharper more accurate melting point. 4. Approximately 20 crystals should be loaded onto the coveralls to ensure that the sample is heated evenly. 5. The temperature of the stage should be ICC below the expected melting point when you begin to heat 1-ICC per minute. 6. The melting point range would increase because the heat would not be able to properly penetrate the sample evenly. This would make the center of the large uncrushed sample have less exposure to the heat, and it would melt much slower than a small and evenly spread sample. . It is important because if the temperature is increased too rapidly at the elating point, the sample and the aluminum block will not be at the thermal equilibrium with the thermometer. 8. Rapidly heating the sample results In too high of a reading because the sample and aluminum bock are not at equilibrium with the mercury in the thermometer and this will result In a very high reading. 9. A mixed melting point analysis Is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.The unknown sample Is placed In the heating apparatus and heated using a true (slow) melting point. Once the melting point of the unknown Is determined, the known samples are mixed with the unknown to see which one matches the melting mint of the unknown. If the unknown sample and the known sample melt at the same temperature as the unknown then they are the same compound. If they melt before the melt point of the unknown then It Is an Impure compound exhibiting a depressed melting point.This way we are able to Identify the Identity of the unknown. 10. A. B and C are the same compounds. B. A Is different from B and C. C. It would be very similar to the melting point of B + A since B and C are the same. Therefore It would be approximately 45. 1 – 53. ICC. Crushing the sample allows for greater surface area-to-volume ratio of the powder, equilibrium with the thermometer. . Rapidly heating the sa mple results in too high mercury in the thermometer and this will result in a very high reading. . A mixed melting point analysis is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.

Kmf Project

Karnataka State law University. Navanagar, HUBLI – 580 025. ————————————————- Phone: 0836-2222392 Fax: 0836-2223392 ————————————————- Website: www. kslu. ac. in Principles and practices of management PROJECT:- done at KMF ( co-operative society) NAME:- Santosh B. M. CLASS:- B. B. A. ,LL. B(HONS)(1STSEM) R. NO:- 08 DATE:- 20-10-2012 SUBMITED TO:-Mr. Gangadhar G. TABLE OF CONTENTS * INDUSTRIAL PROFILE a) Introduction to co-operative society, ) Background, c) Evolution or development. *COMPANY PROFILEa) Background of company,b) Vision and mission statement society,c) Evolution of KMF,d) Products profile,e) Area of operation,f) Ownership pattern,g) Competitor information,h) Infrastructural facilities,i) Achievement or award if any,j) Future prospectus. *MC KENS Y’S 7s FRAME WORKa) Structure,b) Skill,c) Style,d) Strategy,e) System,f) Staff,g) Share value. *SWOT analysis. * Summary of latest annual report. (a)INTRODUCTION TO CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETYThere is no universally accepted definition of a co-operative. In general, a co-operative is a business owned and democratically controlled by the people who use its services and whose benefits are derived and distributed equitably on the basis of use. The user-owners are called members. They benefit in two ways from the co-operative, in proportion to the use they make of it. First, the more they use the co-operative, the more service they receive. Second, earnings are allocated to members based on the amount of business they do with the co-operative. In many ways, co-operatives resemble other businesses. They have similar physical facilities, perform similar functions and must follow sound business practices. They are usually incorporated- under state law by filing articles of incorporation, granting them the right to do business. The organizers draw up bylaws and other necessary legal papers. Members elect a board of directors. The board sets policy and hires a manager to run the day-to-day operations. But in some ways, co-operatives are distinctly different from other businesses. These differences are found in the co-operative's purpose, its ownership and control, and how benefits are distributed. They are reflected in co-operative principles that explain the unique aspects of doing business on a co-operative basis. CO-OPERATIVE  SOCIETY A  co-operative  society  is  formed  by  the  people  of  limited  means  for  self  help through  mutual help. It is  set  up to  protect  economically  the  poor  sections  of  the  society. It is  set  up  for cooperation,  not  for  competition. The  motto  of a  society  is  self  help,  without  dependence  on other  business  units.DEFINITIONAccording  to  Herrik,†Cooperation  is an  action  of  persons  voluntarily  united  for  utilizing  reciprocally  their  own forces,  resources  or  both  under  mutual  management  for  their  common  profit  or  loss. † According  t o Mr. Plunket, â€Å"The  cooperation  is  self  help  made  effective  by  organization. † Co-operative  SocietyADVANTAGES  OF  CO-OPERATIVE  SOCIETYFollowing  are  the  important  advantages  or  merits  of  co-operative  society:1. Advantage  for  Farmers2. Easy  Formation3. Equal  Rights .4. Equal  Distribution  of  Wealth5. Economic  Democracy .6. Elimination  of  Middlemen7. Financial  Assistance8. Friendly  Relations9. Improve  the  Standard  of  Living.10. Increase  in  EmploymentDISADVANTAGES  OF  CO-OPERATIVE  SOCIETYFollowing  are  the  disadvantages  of  co-operative  societies:1. Lack  of  Capital2. Untrained  Supervision3. Defective  Organization4. Illiterate  and  Ignorant.5. Lack  of  Experience6. Lack  of  Discipline7. Lack  of  Sincere  Management8. Lack  of  Profit  Incentive9. Lack  of  Secrecy10. Lack  of  Knowledge (b)BA CKGROUND AND EVOLUTION OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETYIn one sense, cooperation is probably as old as civilization. Early people had to learn to work together to meet their common needs, or perish. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth, jointly cleared fields abandoned by the Indians, broke up the soil, and planted and cared for their corn. After the harvest, celebrated with the Indians in 1621 with a Thanks giving fest, the corn was shared equally among the settlers. Legend suggests that the initial structured co-operative business in the United States was the Philadelphia Contribution-ship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire, a mutual fire insurance company established in 1752. This association's reputation is likely based on two factors. First, Benjamin Franklin was the organizer. Second, the business has been conducted so efficiently over the years that it is still operating today. In the early 1800s, co-operative businesses appeared on several fronts. In Britain, co-operatives were formed as a tool to deal with the depressed economic and social conditions related to the struggles with Napoleon and industrialization. In the United States, farmers began to process their milk into cheese on a co-operative basis in diverse places such as Goshen, CT, and Lake Mills, WI. Writers sometimes trace the origin of co-operatives from the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers' Society, an urban, consumer co-operative organized in England in 1844. It sold consumer goods such as food and clothing to persons unhappy with the merchants in the community    While neither the first nor most successful early co-operative, the Rochdale Society developed an active outreach program, encouraging and assisting others to form co-operatives. It also prepared a written list of practices and policies that seemed consistent with success of such efforts. This list became one of the first sets of co-operative principles, characteristics that distinguish co-operatives from non co-operative businesses. The Grange, founded in 1867, quickly became the major thrust behind agricultural and rural co-operatives in America. In 1874, a Grange representative went to Europe to gather information about co-operatives. In 1875, the Grange published a set of rules for the organization of co-operative stores, based on the Rochdale principles. Local granges organized stores to serve their rural members. They sold groceries and clothing as well as general farm supplies, hardware and agricultural implements. Granges in the South marketed cotton. Those in Iowa operated grain elevators. In Kentucky, they sponsored warehouses for receiving and handling tobacco. California Granges exported wheat and marketed wool. As the country recovered from the depression of the 1870s, fewer Granges were organized and many co-operatives went out of business, but the impact of the Grange co-operative movement survives. It demonstrated that the Rochdale type of co-operative, which handled goods at prevailing prices and distributed net savings according to use, offered a sound basis for co-operative efforts in America. Cooperation flourished during the three decades from 1890 to 1920. As many as 14,000 farmer co-operatives were operating by the end of the period. Co-operative growth was fueled by the wave of other farmer movements and farm organizations sweeping the country, such as the American Society of Equity, National Farmers Union, and the American Farm Bureau Federation. They were engaged in marketing virtually every farm crop and furnishing supplies and services to their producer-members. Many of today's major farmer co-operatives were formed during this period. The following decades have seen farmer co-operatives develop their own financial institutions through the Farm Credit System. Non agricultural co-operatives likewise developed the National Co-operative Bank. With help from the Rural Electrification Administration, rural residents used co-operatives to bring electric and telephone services to their towns and farms. The rural electrics formed the National Rural Electric Co-operative Finance Corporation (CFC) as a supplemental source of financing. Some co-operatives have become larger, partially in response to growing concentration among their competitors and the firms their members must deal with. They have adopted modern management techniques and sophisticated processing, distribution and marketing methods. Today rural and urban residents use co-operatives to acquire consumer services such as housing, credit and other financial services (through credit unions), groceries, education and telecommunications. Franchisees, governmental nits, hardware and grocery stores, florists and numerous other businesses use co-operatives to market their products and secure the supplies they need at competitive prices. (a) BACKGROUND Of KMF Every one in karnataka as well as india knows a bit about ‘  Karnataka Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited' (KMF) is the Single Body in Karnataka represen ting Dairy Farmers' Co-operatives. It is the second largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. In South India it stands first in terms of procurement as well as sales. One of the core functions of the Federation is marketing of Milk and Milk Products. The Brand  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNANDINI’  is the household name for Pure and Fresh milk and milk products. KMF has 13 Milk Unions throughout the State which procure milk from Primary Dairy Co-operative Societies(DCS) and distribute milk to the consumers in various Towns/Cities/Rural markets in Karnataka. The first ever World Bank funded Dairy Development Program in the country started in Karnataka with the organisation of Village Level Dairy Co-operatives in 1974. The AMUL pattern of dairy co-operatives started functioning in Karnataka from 1974-75 with the financial assistance from World Bank, Operation Flood II ; III. The dairy co-operatives were established under the ANAND pattern in a three tier structure with the Village Level Dairy Co-operatives forming the base level, the District Level Milk Unions at the middle level to take care of the procurement, processing and marketing of milk and the Karnataka Milk Federation as the Apex Body to co-ordinate the growth of the sector at the State level. Coordination of activities among the Unions and developing market for Milk and Milk products is the responsibility of KMF. Marketing Milk in the respective jurisdiction is organized by the respective Milk Unions. Surplus/deficit of liquid milk among the member Milk Unions is monitored by the Federation. While the marketing of all the Milk Products is organized by KMF, both within and outside the State, all the Milk and Milk products are sold under a common brand name NANDINI. (b) MISSION AND VISION OF COMPANY Vision * To march forward with a missionary zeal which will make KMF a trailblazer of exemplary performance and  achievements beckoning other Milk Federations in the country in pursuit of total emulation of its good deeds. To ensure prosperity of the rural Milk producers who are ultimate owners of the Federation. * To promote producer oriented viable co-operative society to impart an impetus to the rural income, dairy productivity and rural employment. * To abridge the gap between price of milk procurement and sale price. * To develop business acumen in marketing and trading disciplines so as to serve consumers with quality milk, give a fillip to the income of milk producers. To compet e with MNCs and Private Dairies with better quality of milk and milk products and in the process sustain invincibility of co-operatives. MISSION * Heralding economic, social and cultural prosperity in the lives of our milk producer  members by promoting vibrant, self-sustaining and holistic co-operative dairy development in Karnataka State (c) Evolution Karnataka Milk Federation which is most popular as KMF, evolved itself as a premier and most profitable dairy farmers' organization in the State of Karnataka. As an agency in 1975 to implement the World Bank Aided Dairy Development Projects, Karnataka Dairy Development Corporation (KDDC) was formed, the company grew itself fast and as it spreads the wings of new found rural economic activity – Dairying all over the State, the genesis of apex co-operative body took the shape of KMF in 1983 encompassing entire State with 13 District Co-operative Milk Unions executing the various parameters of Dairy activity – organization of Dairy Co-operatives, Milk Routes, Veterinary Services, Procurement of milk in two shifts of the day, Chilling, Processing of milk, distribution of milk and also establishment of Cattle Feed Plants, Nandini Sperm Station, Liquid Nitrogen Supply, Training Centres – as its main stay. The entire system was reconstructed on the model of now well known `ANAND' pattern dairy co-operative societies. Eight southern districts of Karnataka was considered initially with a target of organizing 1800 Dairy Co-opera tive Societies, four Milk Unions and processing facilities were set up to the tune of 6. 5 lakhs per day by 1984. Under Operation Flood – II ;III, project which started in 1984 ; 1987 covered the remaining parts of Karnataka. Thirteen milk unions are organized in 175 talukas of all 20 districts then and the field work was extended by organizing more dairy co-operative societies. The processing facilities i. e. hilling centers, milk dairies and powder plants were transferred in phases to the administrative control of respective co-operative milk unions and the activities continued to be implemented by these District Organisations. Additional processing facilities were created ; existing facilities augmented every decade with the help of Govt. / Zilla Panchayat and NDDB to handle ever increasing milk procurement without declaring milk holidays. The processing facility as exists at 32. 25 lakh liters/day is further strengthened. (d) AREA OF OPERATION IN KARNATAKA KARNATAKA MAP I n this Karnataka map we can see the area of operation of K. M. F the symbol is K. M. Fs area of operation in Karnataka. K. M. F is having branches in almost all districts of KARNATAKA UNITS OF KMF KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control: * Mother Dairy, Yelahanka,Bangalore. * Nandini Hi-Tech Product Plant, Channarayapatna. * Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. * Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. * Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm ; Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. * Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. * Central Training Institute,Bangalore ; Traning Institutes at Mysore/Dharwad. * Sales Depots at B'lore,Mysore,M'lore,Hubli,Gulbarga,Tirupathi ; Kannur (e) OWNERSHIP PATTERN Ownership K. M. F is like this a) District co-operative societies (b) National dairy development board (f) PRODUCTS PROFILE Nandini homogenized milk in pure milk which is homgenized And pasteurization consistent right through it gives you more cup of tea and coffee and its easily digestable. Nandini ghee made purely from cows milk and not a dultrated. and good for health Cows pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in tamper proof tera fino pack . which keep milk fresh upto 60 days without refrigeration until opened , available in 500 ml and also in 1 liter Toned milk from nandini fresh and pure milk containing 3. 0 % fat and 8. 5% snf . available in 500 ml 1 liter . Full ice cream milk from nandini containing 6% fat and 9% SNF a rich creamy and tastier milk for home made sweets. (e) COMPETATORS INFORMATION 1. Arokya milk dairy- it procures most of its milk from milk unions of belgum . it procures 10,000 liter’s of milk every day. It’s located near desur ,near belgum 10 km away from city on NH-4. 2. Mayor dairy – it procures milk from belgum and other regional dirsticts mainly chikkodi, rayabhag ,and athani. Procures more than 25,000 liters daily. its located near kholapur,and supplys milk to all over state. 3. Adity milk dairy – a well known company in north Karnataka and procures milk 25,000 milk (approx) 4. Ram-Rahim milk dairy – this is solely owned small scale rivate company established in1987 with an investment of 2. 28 lack in dharwad (f) FUTURE PROSPECTUS PERSPECTIVE PLAN- 2010 – After the closure of OF-III project. Government of Karnataka and NDDB signed an MOU during February 2000, for further s trengthening the Dairy Development Activities in Karnataka with an outlay of Rs. 250 Crores. Consequent to the announcement of new lending terms and conditions by NDDB through an evolution of an action plan – Perspective 2010 to enable the dairy co-operatives to face the challenges of the increased demand for milk and milk products by focusing efforts in the four major thrust areas of Strengthening the Co-operatives. Enhancing Productivity, Managing Quality and building a National Information Network, plans are under implementation. FUTURE  VISION To consolidate the gains of Dairying achieved in the state of Karnataka and with a view  to efficiently chill, process and market ever developing and increasing milk procurement with an utmost emphasis on the Quality and in the process conserve the socio-economic interests of rural milk producers, the Govt. of Karnataka through KMF has proposed to undertake several projects with financial and technical support of NDDB for which an MOU was signed between Govt. of Karnataka and NDDB on 10th Nov. 2004. (g) THE GROWTH PROCESS The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarised briefly hereunder: ITEMS| UNITS| 1976-77| 2011-2012(Up to Mar'12)| 2012-13(Upto Aug'12| Dairy Co-operatives| Nos| 416| 13006 REGED / 11568 Funct|   Ã‚     13242 REGED /11773Funct  Ã‚                          Ã‚  | Membership| Nos| 37000| 21. 51 Lacs|   Ã‚                       21. 84 Lacs| Avg. Milk Procurement| Kgs/day| 50000| Avg. 42. 85  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peak  Proc. 46. 49(Nov'11) LKPD| Avg. 49. 45Peak  Proc. 52. 76(June'12LKPD| Milk Sales| Lts/day| 95050| 28. 90 LLPD / Curd:2. 74 LKPD / Good life   2. 19 LLPD| 28. 18 LLPD / Curd:3. 11 LKPD / Good life   2. 19    LLPD| Cattle Feed Consumed| Kgs/DCS| 220| 2958| 3025| Daily Payment to Farmers| Rs. Lakhs| 0. 90| 785|   Ã‚                             987| Turnover| Rs. Crores| | 5823. 69|   Ã‚                     ———-| World Bank Study – Observations The World Bank, in its study on the effect of Co-operative dairying in Karnataka, has pointed out that : * The villages with Dairy Co-operative Societies are much better off than those without. * The families with dairy cattle are economically better than those without dairy cattle. * Women who had no control on the household income have better control in terms of Milk Money. * A single commodity ? MILK? has acted as a catalyst in the change in the Socio-Economic impact of the rural economy. * There is a positive impact on those at the lower end of the economic ladder both in terms of landholding and caste PART B MC KENSY’S 7S FRAME WORK MC Kensys’s 7s frame work – the 7s is popularly known as mc kensy’s 7s ,because two persons developed this model Tom peter and Robert waterman . they both have been consultants at MC Kensy’s co. At that time they published 7s in their article ‘STRUCTURE IS NOT ORGANISATION’ , in 1980 . ‘ART OF JAPANESE MANAGEMENT’ in 1981,and in ‘IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCE’ in 1982. Model consists of 7 elements they are distinguished as ‘hard and soft skills’. Hard skills are feasible and easy to understand, soft skills are known by workers department. I. (a) STRUCTURE OF ORGANISATION UNDER BOARD OF MANAGEMENT II. (b) STRATAGY * To achieve national goal K. M. F works a lot to change according to consumer needs and taste. Maintaining consistant growth adn expansion of market all over india. * Tries to stick to stick to plan and achieves objectives. * Maintaining quality of product and acquiring market. III. (c) SYSTEM K . M. F works in a systematic manner in production and in management ,while producing they follow to ways * Maintaining enough inventory. * Well equipped storage facility. * Fast transportation. IV. (e) STAFF – This co-operative society makes use of various principle of staffing and recruitment Other like personel, promotion, induction, salaries, and other benifits to make thir woekers perform well and to extract maximum from their work. V. (f) SKILL Here staff is recruited according to skill , like differentiating between educational skill and hard skills . and they also train their workers for skill development. VI. (g) STYLE K. M. F a specific style of work like it (a) strictly follows rules and regulation (b) co-ordination between workers (c) reliable and dependable VII. (h) SHARED VALUES Some fundamental and core values which are spread and shared in the organisation in KMF they are * Consumer satisfaction, * Commitment to quality, * Cost and time conciseness, * Innovative and creativity, * Trust and team spirit , * Individual respect, * Integrity. PART C S. W. O. T ANALYSIS STRENGHTS * enjoys good market, * Wide distribution, * It has good will, * Enjoys market region * Less transport cost to local areas, * WEAKNESS * Less sales and consumer handling, * Commissions paid is less compared to other brands, * In adequate sales promotional activities, * OPPORTUNITIES * There is scope in new developing areas * Availability of mil k , * Wide area to extract source, * THREATES * Lots of emerging pioneer companies, * Low level of consumer awareness, * Tough competition. ANNUAL REPORT As we can see that annual report of company is quite impressive , and company is performing well. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. KMF DHARWAD.

Annie Dillards from An American Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annie Dillards from An American Childhood - Essay Example The statement â€Å"[s]ome boys taught me to play football† reveals that the child is at a stage of her development when she listens to advice of her peers and not just her mother (Dillard 16). Also, there is an interesting departure from her prescribed gender role since the paragraph ends up with the comment â€Å"nothing girls did could compare with it† (Dillard 17). The author mentions also that her parents approved of some of the local boys but not all of them. Annie reports this in a matter of fact way, without further comment, but the reader can discern an element of social class behind this situation. Putting together the strict gender roles expected of Annie and the implied disapproval of ‘rough’ boys, the reader can deduce that Annie’s mother is rather old-fashioned and perhaps somewhat prim and protective of her daughter. She does not want Annie to mix with certain boys. Annie, on the other hand, finds the boys exciting and knowingly disregards her mother’s advice. As for the technique used, the author preferred to present the narrative through Annie’s eyes but to include in it some of her mother’s prejudices and insights so that the reader sees more of the child’s world than the child herself could understand at that moment. This is a subtle feature of autobiography, which allows the child’s view to come through an adult narrator’s voice which adds a dual insight into the events that are related in the story. Dillard, Annie. â€Å"An American Childhood† (extract). A Guide To Reading Autobiography: 16-26. Web. 11 Oct. 2012.

The Historical Extension of the Federal Government's Power Over the Research Paper

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Psychology- Media File Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychology- Media File - Essay Example It also speaks of the child prostitution which takes place when a child is sent away from home in the quest of finding enough money to feed the other family dependents. This news story appealed to me because I think those parents who have no respect and dignity left for their own kids expect nothing from life. I believe they should be taken to task since they are ruining their children’s future as well as playing with their mental psyche. This news story presents the aspect of understanding what the child wants from life and what he is given in return. More than that, the aspects related with prostitution, child labor and begging are not even envisaged by the family when they give away their children so that they could come back with some money for the good of the family. Family violence contributes endlessly to these tactics by the parents who just want to satisfy their whims and short term desires over the long term growth of these kids. This indeed is a heinous activity to speak the least. This news story was published in the Baltimore Sun and it discusses the aspect of child discipline and Angelina Jolie’s domestic life which seems to be in the news for all the odd reasons. Her lawyers tried to protect her from a barrage of questions from the media where they raised a number of speculations in line with the release of the movie â€Å"A mighty heart†, based on the death of Daniel Pearl. Instead of answering questions related with the movie itself, she felt more happy at telling the media how she and Brad Pitt, her boyfriend, felt about disciplining children at home and thus she set a good precedent by talking about her personal life which can easily be an encouraging factor for her fans all over the world and thus they would take a leaf out of her book and look to discipline their own kids. This news story is indeed something very interesting about what Jolie thinks of her domestic life and in what manner she can

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Market Segmentation - Essay Example Backpackers are people who travel with very limited budgets. They do not carry any fancy gadgets neither they have any kind of equipment with them. The people who go backpacking are usually those who are looking for the experience of the real world, they want to experience the world in the raw form. Nearly all the students who go for travelling for the first time are backpackers as backpacking is not expensive or difficult on the pockets. Backpackers usually prefer to walk or other wise use public transport to travel. Many countries do not prefer backpackers as they associate them with hippies, and therefore they feel that the backpackers would create an environment that would not be preferable by the tourists visiting their countries (Weaver, 2005). Flash packers are travelers who are well equipped and have affluence. Such kinds of travelers face no issues with regards to money and therefore they are equipped with all the luxurious goods and technologically advanced gadgets. Though they also travel independently like the back packers but unlike backpackers they stay at good hotels and enjoy everything without caring about the money. They are also known as posh packers. Unlike backpackers they are not travelling on any limited budget and hence have access to a lot of facilities that backpackers cannot afford. Many countries are not very welcome towards the influx of backpackers, but they prefer that the flash packers are attracted towards them as they know that these travellers are not short on money and would prefer only independence while they are travelling. Countries like India offer a lot of facilities and individual touring opportunities to such travellers who mostly arrive from European countries. Flash packers also use p roper means of transportation like taxis (Weaver, 2005). Gap packing is term that can be used for backpackers as well as flash packers. It is a term that is

Health organization case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health organization case study - Essay Example Currently, Banner health organization has come up with a strategic plan aimed at addressing issues of network growth, resource management, nurse staffing, and patient satisfaction (â€Å"Global Markets Direct,† 2008). Following the appearance of global environmental problems due to climate change, increased natural catastrophe and globalization, various diseases have emerged resulting to increased motility rate (Bui, 2010). This contributed to establishment of a health care organization called Banner Health system in United State, with the aim of addressing the health care needs of citizens even in decades to come. The organization provided hospital care, long-term care, emergency care, outpatient surgery centers, hospice, rehab services, labs, and pharmacies. Today, health issues for many American citizens have become more complex hence calling in for new and complex tactics as well. Banner health organization has therefore come up with a strategic plan, known as Medicare Advantage plan, which is meant for addressing the complexity of health care issues. Medicare Advantage plan has proposed establishment of several health clinic centers in the country in attempt to minimize health care problems and address patient satisfaction issue as well. Establishment of four Health-care clinics centers in East valley, have been proposed. Each of the clinic centers is expected to serve a whole family after suggesting that there will be plenty of laboratories and onsite imaging services as well as primary care doctors. According to the plan, families will be given extra options where these centers will offer extended evening and morning hour services, including Saturday mornings. The four clinic centers are expected to cost the organization approximately 45.2 million and be operational for both spring and summer of 2013. Taking into consideration of the economic perspective, the four centers will offer the most cost-effective care. These

Can Crusher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Can Crusher - Essay Example This essay discusses about the uses, design and feature of different can crushers available. â€Å"Use of can crushers help food and beverage or other organizations to crush the cans for several peruses, such as easy to recycle, reducing business operation cost, saving space and maintain environmental sustainability†. The main use of a can crusher is to recycle used cans in a proper way so that there can be less pollution and expenses of manufacture of cans can be lowered. A can crusher is a simple device that is used for crushing of cans (Wisegeek 1). It is used widely because it saves time and helps in lowering costs that are required for production of fresh cans available in market. Industries prefer large hydraulic can crushers because it can easily crush many cans in a short period of time which in turn can be melted so that there could be large production of fresh cans with lesser purchase of raw materials. The time saving feature is the most important fact and because of this feature its use in the industries is up to an optimum level. Moreover for industrial purposes the can crushers that are appreciated should consist less space. Now a days there are many crushers available in the market that are technologically advanced and they work efficiently with minimum space possible. Most of the can crushers used in the modern world are self-loading (Stewart 699). These crushers consists of a basket which are placed at the top of the crusher, it also consists of a lever that is pulled so that the device can start crushing the cans. There is also a stopper placed at the bottom of the basket which allows cans to drop automatically up to a certain level that the device can intake for working. For lowering down the friction that is caused by the device lubricant is used so that the shape of the cans can be changed properly. The first crusher was invented and built by Jesse Wright

Letter of Interest Essay Example for Free

Letter of Interest Essay I wish to express my sincere and earnest interest to change the course of my teaching from 8th Grade Math to either 6th Grade Math or 6th Grade Social Studies. At the outset, I would like to state my preference to switch teaching kids for 6th Grade Social Studies. For thirteen years I have been teaching Math for middle and high school kids. At this instance in my life, I truly believe that I can better relate, communicate, and convey teaching with younger kids, 6th grade kids in particular. I do feel that there is a need for more consideration and a patient and nurturing teacher with broader perspective in handling delicate 6th grade kids who are also naturally with short attention span. As a mother myself of two young kids, I am confident that I have the qualities to better achieve this purpose. In my experience with 8th grade kids, I found that this is not the case since they already assert a sense of independence. More importantly, I do love to teach younger kids that still need to be look after in their education formation. Moreover, I am not comfortable teaching 8th grade curriculum next year with the introduction of the new Math program of Connected Mathematics which is a departure from whole class teacher directed instruction. Although, I have no doubt that I can go through and will better adjust to this new hands-on and self-discovery program of instruction. As to my preferred interest in teaching Social Studies for 6th grade kids, I can state the same reasons as with my interest in teaching Math for the same grade level. However, with social studies, I am very excited to teach in this field which is a new sphere completely different from Math which I have been teaching for thirteen years. Even though I have not taught social studies before, I am certain that I am more than qualified if given the opportunity. I have gone through the curriculum on social studies for 6th grade kids and I found it very motivating and a worthy teaching endeavor. I know I have the passion and fervor to teach social studies for 6th grade kids. The switch from teaching Math to Social Studies is a great change in proving my teaching capabilities. Needless to say, I am prepared to teach any subject and any curriculum with my fondness for teaching young kids. I believe it is significant to mention that I am getting my masters in curriculum and instruction to further my qualifications as an efficient and competent teacher. I am hoping this letter of interest to switch teaching to 6th grade kids will meet your favorable consideration.

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay Example for Free

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay A story of mine come immediately to my mind. once I wanted a pair of slipper, but after entering the supermarket, I was shocked for there were thousands of brands of slippers. eventually, I chose LULU which was the only brand I’d ever seen on the television. according to a well known sociologist, and I paraphrase, without advertisement, consumers and merchants both lose something, which is to say that consumers lose the opportunity to obtain the one suit them most and merchants may lose their potential customers. aturally, it is significant to advertise for the firms. meanwhile a recent survey conducted by sina. com will make this point valid and convincible. the sales volume of a certain product doubles since its manufacturer advertise on a TV program. for most of time consumers dont know their real requirement at all, so their needs to a certain kind of product is influenced greatly by the advertisements. for instance, my mother went shopping one day in order to buy some milk and vegetables, nevertheless she came back home with a pair of trousers n her words, just because she ever saw it on a magazine. in addition, one of my classmates used to buy whatever he is interested in on. EBAY. com for about 2 times a week. considering the enormous advantages for manufacturers, advertisement has the necessity to remain. each coin, however, has its two sides. rare as the drawbacks of advertisement are, they do exist. some small companies completely rely on the boasting advertisement to attract consumers. in order to make the advertisement to be credible, they invite he celebrities, make special good effect, and even film to publicize their production. unfortunately, consumers are always wise enough to distinguish a fair publicity from one with exaggeration. Hence, those companies are bound to suffer the tremendous cost of advertising without benefiting from it. to sum up, the merits of advertisement for corporations far outweigh its defects. thus, i strongly advocate that advertisement contributes to the amplification of the profit of enterprises and should be retained.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, regarding a case INTRODUCTION Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) was first described as a malignant lesion by Pierre Masson in 1923(1), warning his histological similarity to angiosarcoma. Later, Henschen(2) described an intravascular endothelial proliferation that he interpreted like a reagent process due to inflammation and stasis vascular. We present a case of a patient diagnosed with intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in renal vein. CASE REPORT 61 years old male referred to our department with symptoms compatible with right renal colic. He has previous history of hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia with alpha-blocker therapy. The patient relates intense pain in the right flank, sometimes radiating to ipsilateral inguinal region. On physical examination revealed pain with percussion in the right flank. Blood and urine analysis, abdominal radiography and ultrasound are requested, all of them normal. Due to the persistence of symptoms, CT scan with contrast was requested (Fig. 1), in which a solid mass of 3.5 x 3 x 4 cm, lobulated and with heterogeneous necrotic center located at the right renal hilum infiltrates renal vein is seen . This mass is adjacent to lower portion of adrenal gland, kidney, and posterior portion of the duodenum, not clearly identifying dependency. To try to understand the dependence of this mass MRI is requested (Fig. 2), which describes hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 tumor, with probable adrenal gland dependence. Suspecting adrenal injury, hormonal and metabolic study is carried on in blood and urine of 24 hours, all was normal. Scintigraphy was also performed with MIBG finding no enhancing lesions. Given previous findings, and the likelihood of adrenal malignancy (nonfunctional), surgery is decided. By a subcostal laparotomy, a tumor about 4 cm, firmly adhered to the renal hilum is observed. Right radical nephrectomy is performed due to impossibility the tumor excision alone. Postoperative course without incidences and the patient was discharged on the fourth day. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen revealed kidney and adrenal gland unaltered. Near of the renal hilum and, at least partially, contained within a dilated vein, thrombosis and endothelial reactive area proliferation (capillary and papillary), compatible with papillary endothelial hyperplasia intravascular (Fig 3). Currently the patient is reviewed every six months, with analytical tests and CT normal. DISCUSSION Enzinger and Clearkin(3) suggested several morphological features that served in the differential diagnosis between IPEH and angiosarcoma, including intraluminal location of the lesion, absence of necrotic tissue and presence of thrombotic material, and proposed the intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia term. The etiology of IPEH is still unknown. Trauma has been proposed as the main etiological factor, but the traumatic history is exceptional. Several authors agree with the view of Clearkin and Salyer who believe it is due to an alteration in the thrombosis process, consisting of an unusual and peculiar way of organizing thrombus.( 3,6 ) IPEH can occur at any age, more frequently in female. Most of the cases are localized to skin vessels, in head and neck, where they appear as small hard mass of bluish red coloration to the skin. Although there have also been less frequent locations as jejunum, central nervous system, liver, and lungs (4,5). Three forms have been described: Primary, on dilated vascular lakes; secondary or mixed, with preexisting vascular lesion as hemangioma , arteriovenous malformations or pyogenic granuloma; and the third and less frequent, extravascular, resulting in a hematoma (7). The finding of IPEH in the renal vein is rare, there are very few cases reflected in the literature. The symptoms are variable, ranging from an incidental finding, asymptomatic, to colic pain and hematuria. In imaging, with the CT scan with contrast we can find a solid lesion with heterogeneous contrast enhancement, and in MRI a lesion hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 , which does not exclude malignancy(8, 9). In a case reported(10), preoperative diagnosis was performed with excision of the lesion and kidney preservation. But in most cases, it was impossible to rule out malignancy, and the radical surgery is usual, either for technic impossibility by proximity to the renal vessels, or the suspicion of malignancy. No metastases or malignant degeneration has been reported. Preoperative diagnosis of IPEH is difficult as there are no characteristic symptoms or an imaging test that allows adequate differential diagnosis. There are several neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions that can be found in the renal hilum. Among them: renal carcinoma, angiomyolipoma , schwannoma , myelolipoma , hemangiopericytoma , lymphoma, cysts, Castleman disease or lipomas. Therefore, this condition, although rare, must fall within the diagnostic possibilities, especially if their dependency or proximity to vessels is detected. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest REFERENCES Masson P. Hemangioendothelioma vegetant intra-vasculaire. Bull Soc Anat Paris 1923;93:517–23. Henschen F. L ´endovasculite proliferante thrombopoietique dans la lesion vasculaire locale. Ann anat Pathol 1932;9:113-21. Clearkin KP, Enzinger FM. Intravascular papillary endotelial hiperplasia. ARch Pathol Lab MEd 1976;10:441-4. Johraku A, Miyanaga N, Sekido N, et al. A case of Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia Arising from Renal sinus.Jpn J clin Oncol 1997; 27(6) 433-36. Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, VIale G. Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia of the renal vein. Int J Surg Pathol 19(4) 518-20 Salyer WR, Salyer DC. Intravascular angiomatosis: development and distinction from agniosarcoma. Cancer. 1975; 36: 995-1001 Hashimoto H, Daimaru Y, Enjoji M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A clinicopathological study of 91 cases. AM J Dermatopathol. 1983; 5:539-46 Kuo T, Sayers CP, Rosai J. Masson ´s `Vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma ´: a lesion often mistaken for angiosarcoma. Cancer 1976; 38: 1227-36. Van den bogaert S, Boel K, Van Poppel H, et al. Masson ´s tumour of the kidney. Cancer Imaging. 2002; 2: 116-9. Akhtar M, Aslam MAL-Mana H, et al. Intravascular Papillary endothelial Hyperpasia of Renal Vein. Arch Pathol Lab med. 2005;129: 516-520 LEGENDS TO FIGURES Fig.1CT: heterogeneous mass with necrotic core located in the right renal hilum. Fig. 2 T1-weighted MR image: hypointense mass on the right renal hilum. Fig. 3 Histological specimen. Close to the renal vascular pole and partially including a dilated vein, an intravascular thrombus and a reactive endothelial proliferation zone (capillary and papillaroid) are observed. Fig. 4 Greater magnification of the previous image, which can be seen proliferation of papillary structures that tend to anastomose that are lined by a row of endothelial cells, centered on an axis of collagen and fibrin. No images of necrosis, atypia or mitosis (not characteristic of malignancy) were observed.

Piracy in the Media Essay -- Technology Music Entertainment Papers

Piracy in the Media In today’s technological age and consumer-driven economy, it is not a surprise that media piracy is a big business. It is estimated that in one year $12.4 billion worth of business is stolen from original manufacturers by media pirating. Piracy, the illegal copying or counterfeiting of copyrighted material, is a major problem for a vast range of industries (Ang, 2001). For example, just in the recorded music industry, â€Å"music pirates account for almost $300 million in lost record sales annually in the United States† (Gray Zone, 2002), and that is just in the U.S. More is lost in foreign markets. This not only affects the media manufacturers but also the consumers of the media. They become the victims of piracy that ultimately result in the driving up of prices of legitimate products. Distributors and retailers have been affected, too. Nearly forty percent of the retail market’s business has been stolen (Gray Zone, 2002). Before we begin discussing the piracy of music, television, and motion pictures, it is important to understand what exactly piracy and counterfeiting is and the laws that prohibit them. Counterfeits, referred to as pirated media, are defined as â€Å"reproduced copies that are identical to the legitimate articles including packaging, trademarks, and labeling† (Ang, 2001). To protect the creators of original material from being pirated, laws were formed known as copyright laws. A copyright is â€Å"a protection that covers published and published literary, scientific and artistic works, whatever the form of expression, provided such works are fixed in a tangible or material form† (Copyright, 2002), and with copyright protection, the creator of the original material has the â€Å"ex... ...ilable online: http://www.cable.mediapiracy/hawkins/cablemonthly/2000/7845332.html (accessed October 24, 2002). Gray Zone (2002). The Federal Anti-Piracy and Bootleg FAQ. Available online: http://www.grayzone.com/faqindex.htm (accessed September 26, 2002). Gross, Lynne, and Schafer (1995). The International World of Electronic Media. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Internet News (2000). Artists Against Piracy Launches National Media Campaign. July 11. Available online: http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/ (accessed October 30, 2002). Newsweek (October 21, 2002). Heard on the Street. Rodmen, George (2001). Making Sense of Media: An Introduction to Mass Communication. Needham Heights, Ma: Alyn & Bacon. What is Copyright Protection? (2002). What is Copyright Protection? Available online: http://www.whatiscopyright.org/copyright.html (accessed October 31, 2002).

Albert Einstein Essay -- physics biography bio

Although there are other very interesting physicists who have contributed to the scientific world, I decided to do some research on Albert Einstein. You may have heard funny stories of his quirkiness like not wearing socks, or you may have seen posters of him with his wild, untamed hair. I have wondered what Einstein is really like. What was the personality of this man who was so incredibly smart? And if he really was that smart, why would he treat his hair and feet so poorly? This web page gives a bit of insight to the highly famed physicist. There is a basic overview of the his accomplished theories. Also, I provide a timeline of Einstein's life. His views and politics are a little less known, but what I'm including here that is difficult to find at other web sources is Albert's personality. So, if you are bored with reading about his theories, when he was born, married and died... check out the personality section and discover Einstein's character. The year 1905 is referred to as annus mirabilis ("miracle year") because it is the year in which Einstein introduces the theories that make him famous at the young age of 26. First, in his Special Theory of Relativity, he demonstrates that space and time are not absolute but vary with the proximity of one object to another. Example; for a person living in orbit around the Earth, time would pass more slowly than if he/she were living at sea level. The difference is not great, but it is still there and this is due to the variance in gravity with respect to earth. This would mean Isaac Newton was wrong, although his theories still generally hold for calculating dynamics close to Earth. Also, Einstein takes on the topic of light and by the time he publishes the pa... ...al libety, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Political liberty implies the freedom to express one's political opinions orally and in writing; tolerance implies respect for any and every individual opinion. These conditions do not obtain in Germany at the present time. Those who have done most for the cause of international understanding, among them some of the leading artists, are being persecuted there. Any social organism can become physically distempered just as any individual can, especially in times of difficulty. Nations usually survive these distempers. I hope that healthy conditions will soon supervene in Germany and that in future her great men like Kant and Goethe will not merely be commemorated from time to time but that the principles which they taught will also preail in public life and in the general consciousness.

Edvard Munch The Scream and The Sick Child Essay

Edvard Munch was born in Norway in 1863 and became a troubled artist after he was influenced by many older impressionists. Most of his work is a reflection of impressionism and tells a story that is mostly dark or consist of death, illness, anxiety, pain, or fear. His paintings also are influenced by the heartache he endured as a child watching close family members die from sickness that he survived, such as, his sister and his mother who both became ill and died of tuberculosis. The darkness continued to haunt him throughout his life and influenced his paintings as well which in turn, created a very famous artist of impressionism and symbolism. Most of his work symbolized troubles, anxiety, and a loss in someway shape or form to include death, or psychological problems such as anxiety.(Wolf,2009) Munch used paintings that signify demons and bad times rather than the happy times in peoples lives which was different and accepted. One of Edvard Munch’s first and earliest paintings, sick child, is an early example of a painting that shows sadness, sickness, and possible death. The painting is of a young girl, munch’s sister, laying in a bed straight up and hovered over by another grienving womanly figure who’s head is bowed as to only show us the top of her head. The girl looks vaguely pale with bright red long uncombed hair and a blank stare on her face. The girl is staring at a dark wall that could signify death. The women hovered over her signifies grievance and pain seeing how she is not directly looking at the girl but rather sad and depressed. Hands are not drawn in the painting but an interlocking of shapes used to signify that joining of hands is greatly illustrated, perhaps, to indicate the woman at the bedside as being her mother who dies 11 years earlier. The painting of his sister who died at the age of 15 and his mother who died of the same disease a decade earlier is an obsess ive painting that took Munch 6 different tries to master exactly the way he wanted it to be. Each version was different in different ways and told the similar story. His first version of the painting was a black and white lithograph with similar thick vertical and horizontal brushstrokes as see in the paintings he did after the first. However, each new version of The sick child, adds more story and elements in order to further depict such a dark and haunting time. Munch used dark colors and rough brushstrokes of impasto paint in his painting depicting a sadness and hard time in his life.(Esaak,2012) Happiness is not in any part of this painting and melancholic tones are also used and presented throughout, as well as, scratched surfaces made to look weathered and torn. The lithograph painting was first painting in white and black and later was changed and painted with dark and more intense colors and with more impressionism which was popular in that time and therefore was a blend of both lithograph and impressionism. (Esaak,2012) Another famous work of art done by Edvard Munc h is, The Scream. Again Munch used free,loose, and vertical brushstrokes and paints with dark intense colors. The use of semi-abstraction is also present throughout this painting. Munch used fauvism, expressionism, and surrealism in this painting. The painting definitely depicts a distoration of reality throughout. The girl in the pictures face is distorted as well as the bridge and sky around her which leaves the work to personal vision when analyzing it. Munch was influenced to paint The Scream after walking with his friends at sundown and was frightened by a terrible scream and therefore, the picture is a symbol of his fear deep inside himself. The figure with an odd shaped cartoon head, comparable to an alien, has their hands to their agonizing face as if screaming themselves in fear and the world around them seems to stop as the sky in the background looks horrifying and portrays violence.(Welford,2002) The sky is shown in red and yellow colors and the sea below is shown with the use of dark blue, greens, and black. Nature represents the swirling of the sky and the sea and the swirling represents the irony of horror. As his friends walk on not feeling the same fear as the artist, shows that the fear inside peoples heads do not affect everyone. Therefore, the irony of this painting proves that fact that only certain people will relate to what the artist is trying to portray which is fear and anxiety within ones self. The scream itself is portraying the release of tension and fear that one feels from living with the anxiety and fears.(Welford,2002) The painting also depicts the sudden onset of anxiety and fear that can come on at any given time which affects some people in crowded places or just walking along on the bridge as in this painting. The noises and screams that the artist fears is not feared or heard by others around him and therefore, not everyone can understand the fear. Edvard Munch was an excellent antinaturalist impressionist artist who used realistic views in order to capture the views of his audience. His paintings incorporate the sorrow and heartache that most humans feel as some part in their lives, others more than some. Other paintings depict the anguish of facing the demons inside when it comes to psychological problems, as well as fear and anxiety and some viewers can relate to the artists work and how he used detailed paintings to show his point of view on the subject. He used subjective content and realism to show disparity, and darkness, as well as surrealism. People were also a large part of his paintings as well as nature when trying to convey his message like he did in The sick child, and The scream. Reference Page Welford, John. â€Å"The Scream by Edvard Munch.† Artwork analysis. (2002): 1-12. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. . Wolf, Justin. â€Å"The Art Story.† Edward Munch. (2009): n. page. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. . . Zsaak, Shelley. â€Å"The Sick Child 1896.† Edvard Munch. (2012): n. page. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. .

Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus Essay

According to John Gray, men and women completely differ in their style of communication which corroborates the illusion that they are from different planets. However, their communications style differs and they work and be trained to become accustomed to these communication perspectives to live and work together in harmony. Women are more emotional than men and hence men used to mock the girls irrelevance talks. Actually women are termed as a weaker sex as they always want men to respect to their feelings more particularly about relationships, other personal problems and about family matters. In such matters, women expect that men will respect their feelings by extending emotional support and understanding. Relationships end in catastrophic disaster when each other does not understand each feelings and emotions. When the relationship ends in serious disaster, the women have to understand that man is completely diverse from everything and she has not accustomed to and tried to adapt to the differences in her relationship. Communication between men and women are so diverse that it takes many years for a complete understanding in a relationship. Even insignificant resemblance in communication style that binds a couple together while one tries to iron out the larger differences. In ordinary life, it is an established fact that men wants to be respected and women wish to know whether they are being truly loved by men. A successful couple is one who is able to achieve this and in such cases no doubt, good communication will be the end result. Thus, John Gray’s assertion that men and women are from different planets in terms of communications is really a convincing one. Thus, communication between men and women are pursued through two languages. The male language is used as a general warning that he is in a cave or on his path to the cave. Gray here uses cave to describe the ways and means men use to iron out their differences or to deal with an issue. When men face some problem, they wish to be alone or in his cave in complete solitude. [Gray, 1993, p. 22]. However, the reaction of a women will be completely different if they face with issues and when communicating with their spouse. As per Gray, women employ metaphors, superlative and poetic licenses to express their feelings. Moreover, there are chances that men may misunderstood this poetic licenses expressed by women. [Gray. 1993, p. 17]. It is the exact scenario where men and women ignore to appreciate the exact significances of the each other expressions and due to this, Gray has introduced Venusians / Martian dictionary in his book. This dictionary could be much help to iron out these misunderstandings in associations and relationships. According to Gray, men and women communicate in different languages and hold opposing views. Many common people are of the view that Gray’s metaphor is having more relevance and match their very own experiences on the subject. According to Gray, women have to gain knowledge of men before fostering a successful companionship. [Gray, 1993. p. 21]. Likewise, when men are disturbed or strained, they automatically keep silent and return to their cave to sort the things out. [Gray, 1993, p. 21]. Women at this juncture understood that his spouse wants to be alone to sort out things by himself without her interruption. Further, Gray is of the view that there is a need for men to know that women like to share and communicate things through in a more non-solution and in a complex way. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. There is a complete need on the part of men to aware that women also long that their feelings and emotions are to be honored when they are upset, depressed and troubled and it is duty of the men to make her more comfort and to assuage her feelings in such scenarios. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. As Gray details it, his book is for the people who wish to have an appreciative feature of gender associated with their counseling. Gray’s objective is to assist women to appreciate men and to take the ignominy out by counseling and by assisting men to have a more constructive approach to therapy as ‘even healthy relationships need a counselor. Gray longs to be a worldwide translator between Venusians and Martians. He has not indulged in the argument that one is superior to the other but stresses that they are dissimilar. Thus, Gray summarizes his views: â€Å"It is time to appreciate and authenticate gender variances. Do not try to change the attitude of one’s partner. Men have to seize the situation and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things which men does and if he feel appreciated, he will no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that even though the customary function of contributor and nurturer may be often changing, women and men still have fundamental hormonal variances. However, due to rapid transformation, women have crossed over in the man’s world and hence the two worlds have come together now. If one has great appreciation of how these people in different world imagine and act, one will have a real harmony but not a friction. According to Gray, men and women have varied and complimentary emotional requirements. One can define a man’s sense of self through his capability to get results while a female’s sense of self is explained through her feelings and eminence of her relationships. Hence, women expect that her feeling shall have to be respected and honored while men demand that his feelings have to be appreciated and respected. Gray is of the opinion that rubber band theory well explains the metaphor of male intimacy cycle. As men experience the need for autonomy or independence, they draw away as rubber bond do when it is stretched to the limit. Men will pull back with power and spirit as rubber band do if they are given opportunity to move back to their positions or caves. If women demand that men should be intimate and close all of the time, they will become flaccid and limp, by losing their power and strength. [Gray, 1993, p. 35]. Gray book emphasizes diverse of theory. Gray could not able to offer no more plausible explanation other than his planet metaphor on men and women relationships. Gray tries to illustrate the basic differences that exist in men and women characteristics. Gray has cited examples like men disgust to demand for directions as it would put them down while women not at all prefer it. Men longs to talk in public as an exposure of their sound knowledge remains mum at home whereas women tries to express their feelings in home rather than in public places as their main objective of their intimacy. CONCLUSION: The reader of the book will understand that men and women communicate in different languages and hold opposing views. Readers will appreciate that Gray’s metaphor is having more relevance and match their very own experiences on the subject. No doubt, communication plays very significant role in men and women relationship. If one tries to honor and respect the feelings of spouse, there will not any marital issues at all. I would recommend that all who in the phase of establishing relationship and those are already tied their marital knots should read the book to lead a pleasant, happy married life. The readers of the book will understand that â€Å"It is time to appreciate and authenticate gender variances. Do not try to change the attitude of one’s partner. Men have to seize the situation and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things which men does and if he feel appreciated, he will no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that difference between men and women are consistent and are of more biological and natural. Thus, Gray book seems to emphasize and respect the male and female differences. REFERENCES Gray, John. [1993]. Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus: A Practical Guide For Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Relationships. HarperCollins

Metaphor and Architecture

Metaphor and architectureMetaphor comes from Middle Frenchmetaphore ( Old Frenchmetafore, 13c. ) , and straight from Latinmetaphora, from Greekmetaphora † a transportation, † particularly of the sense of one word to a different word, literally â€Å" a carrying over, † frommetapherein † transportation, carry over ; alteration, alter ; to utilize a word in a unusual sense, † frommeta- † over, across † [ 1 ] .Using metaphors in architecture can be tricky at times as there is a really all right line between tacky and kitsch. This essay explore the application of corporal knowledge in architecture by utilizing metaphor and an first-class undertaking designed utilizing metaphor – Terragni’s Danteum which is a interlingual rendition of Dante’s Divine Comedy into architecture by beds of significance.From the debut, we get a little apprehension of what is metaphor. Before diging farther, we’ll explore metaphor more extens ively here. As we know in literature, metaphor is a medium in connoting things and objects that are different from each other but carries some similar feature between them. For illustration, ‘ Alice is a walk-to dictionary.’ ; this sentence does non intend that Alice is a dictionary but it means that she is so smart and knowing that she is like a dictionary that is ALIVE. In this instance, when we think about ‘dictionaries’ , vocabulary, book and cognition came into our head while ‘walking ‘ gives personification to the term ‘ walking dictionary’ . Arguably, Shakespeare has possibly the best usage of metaphor in his plants. In Sonnet 18, he uses summer as a metaphor for his love. From the above illustrations, we can see that the appropriate use of metaphor entreaties straight to the senses of the readers by heightening their imaginativeness. Therefore, metaphors give the readers fresh positions, thoughts and believing sing the topic .Barie Fez-Barringten one time quotedâ€Å"Metaphor is a accelerator which fuses memories, experiences and other manner of being ; it embodies within its ain peculiarity certain cosmopolitan symbols and constructs common to mankind. Metaphorically things, times and topographic points known to hold a discriminatory particular or localized usage in one context are explicitly employed in another. One familiar and one unusual term are normally composed into a individual signifier where one term usually used in one context is brought over into another with the usage of illuminating ; doing more apparent something in the 2nd sphere which otherwise remains obscure.†However, the inquiry sing how metaphor and architecture relates still remained unreciprocated. How can we plan with metaphor? Metaphors can raise senses such as sound, gustatory sensation, odor, touch and sight to the readers. Interestingly, there is a research sing corporal knowledge in Psychology which suggests that the senses mentioned earlier influences the manner worlds make opinions of the external universe. Now we can see how senses and corporal knowledge are connected to each other. By utilizing metaphors, we can determine and change the experiences of the people in our architecture by raising their senses.White, M.A one time quotedâ€Å"In fact, the relationship between physical experience and idea is a cardinal component in cognitive linguistics† . He besides said that the physical interaction of the bodily human being with his/her environment plays a major function in authorising adult male to build abstract idea.From the diagram above, we can see some touch senses and how people think and feel sing them. Let’s take an illustration, Light gives a feeling of insouciant, fun, high-tech, inexpensive, delicate.We can easy place architecture that relates closely to some of the properties mentioned above – SANNA – Rolex larning Centre.From the image above, we can see how white gives the edifice a futuristic feeling. The really fact that the edifice has an organic form and ‘not touching the ground’ gives an air of high tech magnificence. Although it doesn’t gives a inexpensive vibration, the slim and long columns and all other simple item decidedly makes it really delicate. The slender column back uping the roof, the form, the coloring material strategy made the undertaking really elegant. On the other manus, Heavy gives a feeling of importance, valuable and seriousness. We don’t even necessitate a specific illustration for this as it has ever been around us. We can frequently happen memorials around us which are normally made or built with rocks, marbles and concrete. In United States, the White House and Pentagon in a manner convey the political and military art of the state. Our really ain Cardiff University Main edifice is a really good illustration that gives people feeling of importance, valuable and earnestness. In fact, a batch of old political and educational establishment edifice shows weightiness and in most instances they are masonry edifice. The ‘heavy’ isn’t merely the physical weightiness as in weight, but besides the metaphysical solemn vibration that these edifices relay to the people. This clearly proved that the surveies about corporal knowledge is true, the head and the organic structure is inseparable.Continuing from the last paragraph, we can briefly mentioned the connexion of the senses – Light and Heavy to the stuffs used. As mentioned above, most old political and educational establishments are masonry edifices. Materials besides play an of import portion in raising senses. Let’s take an illustration, concrete.Coach: What type of stuff are you traveling to utilize?Student: Concrete.Coach: What type of concrete? There are tonss of types of concrete, from how you cast the concrete to the composing of the stuffs in the concrete mixture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .I believe this is a instead common conversation between a coach and a pupil everyplace around the universe. At least, this conversation was my really ain experience during tutorial, and my coach has been teasing me to make up one's mind the type of concrete I want to utilize for hebdomads. A image speaks a 1000 words, so the undermentioned images would do the treatment easier to understand.The first image shows the church of visible radiation by Tadao Ando while the 2nd images shows the Brother Klaus Field Chapel by Peter Zumpthor. They are both churches and the stuff used are concrete. I think we can see how different they are. Being inside the church of Light and Brother Klaus Field certainly give the visitants wholly different feelings, we can see the importance of stuff, non merely the pick of stuff ( glass, steel or concrete ) but besides how we are handling the stuffs.The dramatis personae affects the textures ( smooth or unsmooth ) . The composing of t he concrete mixture affects the coloring material, texture and ‘heaviness’ of the concrete. All these small inside informations are things that designers can make up one's mind, and this determination plays a critical function in making the ambiance and raising the senses of the people utilizing the edifice.Forty, A. one time said that â€Å"Successful metaphors rely on the dissimilitude of things, non upon their similitude. The feature of an effectual metaphor is it borrows an image from one scheme of thoughts, and applies it to another, antecedently unrelated scheme.With the decision on the relationship between metaphor and architecture, we are traveling to analyze a undertaking called The Danteum. The use of metaphor in architecture has been taken to a whole new degree in Danteum. Although it was ne'er built, it is decidedly a undertaking worth analyzing. What makes Danteum successful is the beds of significances that surrounds the undertaking.Danteum is an unfulfil led undertaking commissioned by Mussolini’s Fascist government.At that clip Italy was ruled by Musolini. In order to set Italy back on the universe map as one of the strongest state, Mussolini for a literary chef-d'oeuvre of Italy’s olympian and canonized yesteryear as a representation of Italy’s illustriousness and asked Terragni to plan a memorial for Dante’s Divine Comedy. Danteum was ne'er built due to the diminution of mussolini’s power during World War II. The edifices take the visitant through a sequence of 3 different kingdoms: Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Divine comedy can be interpreted into several distinguishable degrees as it is interlaced with the physical, societal, political and historical system.Terragni takes the visitants through different brushs in his proposal. There are four primary constituent in the Danteum: The entryway tribunal, Inferno, Purgatory and Paradiso.The image above shows the circulation way that can be taken. The visitant enters a long narrow tract and would hold to do a u bend into the courtyard. The atmosphere alterations from a more restricted infinite to a more unfastened infinite in the courtyard. However, the infinite diminishes once more as the visitant advancement from the tribunal to the wood of columns so to the three stairss. As the visitants pass through the columns and down some stairss, the sum of visible radiation in the infinites easy diminishes every bit good till they reach Inferno. The Inferno which is in a form of a aureate rectangle can be decomposed into seven squares with different floor highs. This is rather different to a conventional edifice where the walls are those that are changed ( holding window, nothingness or gaps of different tallness and size ) . The hell has a dark inside with light coming in through the narrow spreads. Then, the visitants would hold to travel up a series of stepss that leads to Purgatory which is a reminiscent of the abbreviate d conelike mountain island holding seven valances. From here, the infinite becomes brighter as they proceed from Purgatory to Paradiso. Part of Paradiso ( upper portion of Paradiso in floor program ) extends to the Empyrean while the other side leads to the issues.The ambiance in hell[ 2 ] Inferno[ 3 ] ParadisoDanteum is designed with compositional, numerical and descriptive properties from The Divine Comedy that form the plan of the undertaking. The spacial administration of Danteum adheres closely to the verse form. Alternatively of utilizing a actual interlingual rendition on The Divine Comedy, Terragni delved deeper into history and other metaphorical elements to connote elusive narrative of the verse form. In the image below, you can see how Danteum’s floor program is based on the Golden Section which was popular after the Renaissance period. There is 2 squares overlapping and shifted off from each other to organize a Golden Rectangle. This forms the margin of Danteum an d creates a threshold between the 3 kingdoms. The usage of Golden Section as a proportioning system besides generates the placement of the columns which is more obvious in the Inferno. The hell is decomposed into 7 squares where the columns were placed at the centre of a nested square within the Golden Section. The Columns besides diminishes in size, gyrating along the Golden Section. On the other manus, the columns in the courtyard are of the same size and array upon a square grid. The handling of columns in Danteum is unconventional in the modernist motion where the wall defines the kingdom while the columns dance in infinite which is different with the modernist motion.[ 4 ] Floor Plan and Golden SectionThe numerical properties of the Divine Comedy plays a immense portion in Danteum’s design. It besides influences the columns in Danteum where they denote the abstract construction of the verse form. There are 100 cantos in the verse form and therefore there are besides 100 columns in the Danteum.In the verse form, the imaginations of the kingdoms were described through topological constructions. The Northern hemisphere had landmass with Jerusalem at the centre whereas the Southern Hemisphere is covered with H2O. The hell – snake pit was created when Lucifer was thrown out of Eden when dramatis personae in the deepness of fire.This image shows the subdivision cutting across Inferno and purgatory. ( Inferno on the left, Purgatory on the right ) . Notice how Inferno is lower than the Purgatory? Since in the verse form, creative activity of Inferno is the ground why Purgatory is formed, mass of Earth from hell is transferred to Purgatory doing Inferno lowest portion of the kingdom ( snake pit is the lowest ) , back uping the Purgatory with mass from Inferno ( Inferno as a foundation of Purgatory ) . Purgatory is described as a mountain surrounded by H2O. The mass from Inferno made Purgatory into a ‘physical mountain’ surrounded by H2O ( As mentioned before, the South hemisphere is covered with H2O ) .Paradiso is the 3rd room sitting above the 100 columns ( the hundred columns is a metaphor for dante’s wood with light filtrating through the glass block above merely like how light is filtered by the foliages in the wood ) . It is constructed with grid construction, with 33 glass columns. The floor, beams, roof are all made from glass. The contemplation and refraction of visible radiation off the glass surface gave Paradiso a Ethereal feeling that one can easy associate and conceive of when one idea about Eden. The stuff pick for Paradiso made it a really light compared to the other relams. ( Refer to floor program ) , note that there is 9 circles in the center of Paradiso, the 9 circles are really glass columns stand foring the 9 domains environing the Earth, and beyond that sits the concluding place of God. In Paradiso, psyches are entitled a particular sphere harmonizing to their virtues.On the other manus , the 7 squares in Purgatory represent the salvation of the seven wickednesss. The roof has comparatively big nothingnesss to allow light into the infinite compared to Inferno. In the subdivision, observe how the land degree for Inferno is uneven and the slabs supported by the columns are non connected leting visible radiation to slice through the roof, they convey the rough landscape on Earth in a more utmost signifier harmonizing to Terragni’s text â€Å"The esthesis of the at hand, of nothingness formed under the crust of Earth and through a awful seismal upset caused by the autumn of Lucifer’ .BibliographySchumacher, Thomas L. , Terragni ‘s Danteum,2neodymiumedn ( Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press,1993 )Kanekar, Aarti, Metaphor in Morphic Language ( London: UCL,2009 ) Schnall, S. Are at that place basic metaphors? ( 2013 ) . In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson & A ; B. P. Meier ( Eds. ) , The power of metaphor: Analyzing its influence on societal life.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1hypertext transfer protocol: //www.etymonline.com/index.php? term=metaphor

Importance of Biogas plant Essay

The energy prospect is generally assessed on the basis of available commercial sources of energy i.e., fossil fuel like gas, coal, oil etc. Worldwide, there is a major transition underway in the energy sector. Biogas can be a potential source of renewable energy, Residues from biogas also proven as a significant source of organic fertilizer. If there is proper policy and implementation, Bangladesh’s energy crisis and organic fertilizer demand can be control through biogas plant. 1. Introduction By 2020, the world is throwing into turmoil as demand for energy begins to greatly exceed the supply – crippling many economies and triggering widespread social unrest. Many countries in the West may experience a decline in living standards – with oil rationing and conservation measures introduced by governments and substantial reductions in travel, tourism and aviation. The crisis plays out for nearly two decades, gradually being resolved by a switch to renewable energy and alternative fuel technologies. In Bangladesh context, neither the decision-makers nor the experts pay due importance on proper extraction and use of renewable energy. Here grater population is using natural gas and imported oil, with the present rate of consumption, natural energy resources like gas will be exhausted shortly and this is high time to derive policy and practice for exploration and use of alternative renewable sources if we want to meet energy crisis in near future. Biogas has been fou nd to be a proven renewable energy option. 2. Biogas Biogas, a cheap secondary renewable energy, is a gaseous fuel obtained from biomass by the process of anaerobic digestion or fermentation. Biogas fermentation is the process by which organic materials such as human or animal excreta, domestic wastage, agricultural wastage etc, are degraded, by huge quantities of various microbes of different functions, under anaerobic conditions, to yield methane (about 55-70% content), carbon dioxide (about 3045% content) and low amount of other gases in the end. Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or for generating electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration. Cattle dung, agricultural residue, poultry dropping, water hyacinth, human excreta may be used as raw materials for biogas plants. A typical biogas plant consists of a digester in which the slurry (dung mixed with water) is fermented; an inlet tank used to mix the feed and let it into the digester; a gas holder/ dome in which the generated gas is collected; an outlet tank to remove the spent slurry; distribution pipelines to take the gas into the kitchen. 3. How Biogas produced Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in anaerobic digesters where it is typically used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles. 4. Advantages of Biogas Technology: A potential source of renewable energy. A source of improved organic fertilizer. A mechanism for wastage management. Save environment. 4.1 A potential source of renewable energy. Energy is one of the basic ingredients required to alleviate poverty and socio-economic development. The energy prospect is generally assessed on the basis of available commercial sources of energy i.e., fossil fuel like gas, coal, oil etc. Worldwide, there is a major transition underway in the energy sector. It is happening due to the following three major reasons: (I) A decline in fossil fuel availability, their predicted gradual extinction in the next Few decades and the resultant price volatility due to demand-supply gap. (ii) The need to drastically cut global emissions for mitigating climate change (80% Reduction by 2050). (iii) The need for energy security. In Bangladesh efficient utilization of renewable energy resources is yet to assume commercial dimensions and hence rational policy dissemination on renewable energy usage is essential. The renewable energy includes solar, wind, biogas and biomass; hydro, geothermal, tidal wave etc. Despite of above scenario biogas source can be use as a potential source of renewable energy. 4.2 A source of improved organic fertilizer. Bio product of biogas plant is improved organic fertilizer. This fertilizer contains organic component like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium &Micro Nutrients: Nitrogen: Producing compost fertilizer Nitrogen losses calculated 50 % in every three months at the time of aerobic fermentation, on the other hand 10 % losses calculated while producing from biogas residues – Figure- 2 shows, Nutrition’s comparison between Chemical fertilizer and biogas residues from Biogas plant (Production in percentage): Biogas can outline sustainable land use. Reduced use of fertilizers and insecticides compared with lands used for row crops, protection of riparian areas, and erosion protection for sensitive land areas. 4.3 A mechanism for Wastage management Municipal waste is the abandoned materials which have been thrown away after use in daily life in the urban area. Municipal waste generally compose of food scrap, packaging materials, used plastic materials, tire etc. Due to the increasing growth of urban population in Bangladesh this municipal waste is getting high concerns from the management perspective. Also the management of this huge amount of waste is a worth of large expense. The huge amount of waste in the urban areas of Bangladesh due the rapid growth of population can be a potential source of biogas production. The calculation shows that by adopting active biogas collection procedure in the major landfills of the main cities can produce 319989.36 KWh of electricity. Recommendations are given to develop this technology within minimized cost and ensuring environmental safety. The unhygienic dumping zones in every city could me turned into a potential source of renewable energy by adopting active gas collection technology instead of spending money to manage the waste in that areas and keeping a huge land area unused. To explore the untouched potential of biogas source of municipal waste following actions are recommended: -To attract the investment in this sector government should demonstrate one pilot project with the help of foreign Development partners. -Private sectors should be given incentives to invest in biogas from municipal waste. -The technologies used in the countries successfully adopted waste to electricity system should be imported with necessary subsidies. -To facilitate the consciousness media should be used properly. 4.4 Save Environment. The greenhouse effect is caused by gases in the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) which allow the sun’s short wave radiation to reach the earth surface while they absorb, to a large degree, the long wave heat radiation from the earth’s surface and from the atmosphere. Due to the â€Å"natural greenhouse effect† of the earth’s atmosphere the average temperature on earth is 15 °C and not minus 18 °C. The increase of the so called greenhouse gases which also include methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc. cause a rise of the earth’s temperature. The World Bank Group expects a rise in sea levels until the year 2050 of up to 50 cm. Flooding, erosion of the coasts, Stalinization of ground water and loss of land are but a few of the consequences mentioned. Until now, instruments to reduce the greenhouse effect considered primarily the reduction of CO2-emissions, due to their high proportion in the atmosphere. Though other greenhouse gases appear to be only a small portion of the atmosphere, they cause much more harm to the climate. Methane is not only the second most important greenhouse gas (it contributes with 20% to the effect while carbon dioxide causes 62%), it has also a 25 times higher global warming potential compared with carbon dioxide in a time horizon of 100 years. The Bio gas plant effectively reduces the amount of methane directly released into the atmosphere, by trapping it and facilitating its use as a green fuel. After burning, methane only releases harmless gases in air. Other uses of biogas: With the help of biogas we can drive gas generator to produce electricity in rural area. We can use gas incubator to produce poultry chicken from egg. We can use gas lantern by using bio gas in night time in village area. Hotel and restaurant can use biogas for cooking purposes by using the residue of vegetable and food waste. We can drive gas hitter for hitting water during winter season. Different poultry and dairy farm can mitigate their need of gas by using their own animal excreta. 5. Biogas significance in Bangladesh As a country of large population and for the convenient environment Biogas might be the potential source of energy. Though recently government has initiated some pilot project with the help of some foreign NGOs, but the utilization of the full potential is yet to reach. The main problem is lying in lack of public awareness and social prejudices. Government should supply the needed equipments to the private organization with less expense to encourage the involvement in this sector. 5.1 Types of Biogas Digester invented by Bangladesh government organization’s LGED: There are three types of basic designs of biogas plants tried in Bangladesh: (I) Floating cover digester: It works on the principle of constant pressure, changing volume. The digester, cylindrical well, commonly made from brick and cement, is covered with a floating steel cylinder with an open bottom (Fig. A). As the cylinder has a constant weight, it moves up when gas production is higher than consumption and comes down under the reverse conditions. (ii) Fixed cover digester: It works according to the principle, constant volume, changing pressure. When the rate of gas production is higher than that of gas consumption pressure inside the digester rises and expels some digester contents into the outlet compartment. When the consumption is higher than production, pressure inside the digester falls and the expelled materials in the outlet compartment run back to the digester (iii) Plastic Cover digester: A long cylindrical polythene/PVC bag, half-buried longitudinally in the ground, is fed with fresh cow-dung slurry at one end and discharged at the other. With the formation of gas, the bag swells like a balloon and the gasis led out to the point of use through a pipe by putting pressure on the balloon form outside In early 80’s, the floating type design was used for biogas plant. But dueto corrosion of the steel dome, the gas leakage problem happened and it could not be removed. Later on BCSIR tried with fixed done type desig n and it has been successful in all biogas plants. The plastic bag type designs not used in Bangladesh it is used in China. In this project, the fixed dome type design has been proposed. 5.2 Availability of biomass in Bangladesh for energy generation. The total annual generation and recoverable amounts of biomass in Bangladesh are about 165 and 9 MT/year respectively. Agricultural residues represent 48% of the total recoverable biomass followed by 23.9% from animal wastes and poultry droppings. In 2006, the biomass consumption for energy in Bangladesh was about 350 pico-Joules (PJ). At an average annual growth rate of 1.3%, the consumption in 2010 will be about 370 PJ. The total recoverable biomass energy of the country in 2006 was about 1250 PJ from which about 820 PJ of biomass energy was available for electricity generation. On the other hand, the total biomass energy consumption in 2006 was about 473 PJ. Assuming the same average annual growth rate of 1.3%, the biomass consumption in 2010 will be about 286 PJ. Therefore, the amount of biomass energy available in 2006 was 777 PJ, which is equivalent to 216 terawatt-hours (TWh). According to these two estimates and considering that the consumption of biomass for non-energy purposes is negligible, the annual available biomass energy potential for electricity generation in Bangladesh is in the range of 216- 250 TWh. 5.3 Present biogas Generation Rate: According to Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) sources, Bangladesh has 215,000 poultry farms and 15,000 cattle farms where electricity could be generated by establishing biogas plants. So far, 35,000 biogas plants have been established for the production of gas for cooking purposes in the rural areas. IDCOL has set a target of establishing 60,000 biogas plants by 2012, each of which could produce, on average, 94.22 square feet of gas. At present, 3.3 million square feet biogas is being produced in the country. 5.4 Affordability Biogas is a proven technology; there is no risk of failure if proper design and supervision can be ensured. Most of the micro finance institutions are now convinced and took decision to provide loan for the construction of Biogas plants. Most of the urban poor can not afford gas connection as it costs Tk. 200 to Tk. 400 per month. Instead they can install Biogas plants with. Bank loan and repay the loan out of their fuel savings ‘domestic’ size Biogas plant of 100 cft capacity cost Tk. 15,000 to Tk.18, 000 and can meet the cooking energy need for a five- member family. Impact on health and environment: Large scale bio energy development in Bangladesh could bring significant environmental benefits. Sustainable bioenergy development could: Reduce higher level of deforestation. Reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Improve air quality and reduce acid deposition. Improve soil quality and reduce erosion. Reduce land filling by adding value to residues. 5.5 Few case study: Biogas plants in different institution: LGED has constructed 61 Biogas plants in different educational institutes, orphanages, hospitals, school/college hostels for solving the sanitation problems and getting biogas as an alternative energy source. One of these important plants is in Faridpur orphanage. There are 250students and staff in Faridpur orphanage. For their night soil disposal they needed to construct a septic tank for 250 users with Tk.60, 000. LGED in mid 1992 constructed a Biogas plant with Tk. 16,000which served the purpose of septic tank as well as a source of gas and fertilizer. This has reduced the investment by Tk. 34,000 and the mission has been saving Tk. 25,000 against fuel cost per year. Case 1: Ganaktuli Sweeper colony, Dhaka: There are five buildings for sweepers and 40 families reside in each building. The latrines of the buildings were not connected with any septic tank or sewerage system. Previously, night soil was passing through surface drain creating health hazard. To connect the latrines of building No-I to the nearby sewerage line Tk. 60,000 and to construct a septic tank for 221 users of the building Tk. 50,000 were necessary. Instead, LGED constructed a Biogas plant for Tk. 20,000 in 1993which is working till today without any problem giving sufficient gas to meet fuel need of all families of 1 building. There was some maintenance for leakage and Tk. 300 was spent. Observing the performance of the plant, residents of other 4 buildings created pressure on the city corporation to construct similar plant in those buildings. By now Biogas plants have been constructed in all the remaining 4 buildings. Case 2: ‘Ecological Village’ Amgram/Uttar Hogla in Madaripur: LGED took up ‘Ecovillage’ project on experimental basis as pilot programme with the objectives to make the villagers aware about environment and technology, create clear, healthy and acceptable environment in the villages and inspire the people around the villages to accept such project. There are 662 people in the village in 123 families. Besides other socio economic activities, the following facilities were also provided: There was no latrine in the village and 95latrines were constructed. As an alternative source of energy 15  Biogas plants were installed, three persons were trained in the construction of Biogas plant. The Biogas plants are providing energy input to the villagers. 6. Conclusion: Different implementing agencies in Bangladesh, which are active in promoting bio gasification technology, are not paying sufficient attention to effective and focused groupcollaborative R&D aimed at renovating, optimising and improving the design for adaptation to local conditions. Limited R&D facilities and capabilities and lack of co-ordination among the researchers and implementing authorities may well pose a major stumbling-block towards the success of this endeavour. Moreover, the follow-up action program is also very limited. Sometimes, the plant-owners do not get proper technical guidance for the operation and maintenance of their plants. Thus, the successful application and extension of this option depends on: Institutional measures and close collaboration between sectors involved. This should include, among others, provision for soft loans and/or subsidy; availability of standard prototype for design and construction and site-specific maintenance guidelines; meaningful public involvement which should aim at passing relevant information of this technology to the community to increase awareness and promote acceptability of this technology; Accurate calculation of the benefits of this technology. Biomass could play a role in reducing C02 emissions in both of these sectors. As the slurry remains in the digester for 30-40 days in anaerobic condition, the effluent becomes pathogen free and the output is smell-free combustible gas and organic fertilizer which is improving the environment and preventing diseases. At present Bangladesh meet 46.15% of its energy need by agricultural residue, 10.5% by cow dung, 12.9% by fuel wood and 33% by tree residue. This means that to meet our energy need we are depriving, ourselves from organic fertilizer and creating environmental imbalance by  deforestation. One pragmatic estimate puts that the use of biogas will reduce energy deficit at least by 15%. Reference: Bangladesh Power Development Board. Annual Report of 2006-2007. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BPDB, 2008. Available www.bpdb.gov.bd/download/Annual%20Report-10.pdf Biogas Digest,Vol 1, Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT),GTZ (PREGA), Bangladesh Country Report,2003. Obozov, A.D. and Asankulova, â€Å"Biogas in Kyrgyzstan†, Applied Solar Energy, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 262–265 Waste Concern Database, http://www.wasteconcern.org/database.html M. Alamgir and A. Ahsan,† Municipal Solid Waste and Recovery Potential: Bangladesh Perspective† ,Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 67-76 S. 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